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# Guzzle Promises |
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[Promises/A+](https://promisesaplus.com/) implementation that handles promise |
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chaining and resolution iteratively, allowing for "infinite" promise chaining |
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while keeping the stack size constant. Read [this blog post](https://blog.domenic.me/youre-missing-the-point-of-promises/) |
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for a general introduction to promises. |
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|
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- [Features](#features) |
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- [Quick start](#quick-start) |
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- [Synchronous wait](#synchronous-wait) |
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- [Cancellation](#cancellation) |
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- [API](#api) |
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- [Promise](#promise) |
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- [FulfilledPromise](#fulfilledpromise) |
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- [RejectedPromise](#rejectedpromise) |
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- [Promise interop](#promise-interop) |
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- [Implementation notes](#implementation-notes) |
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|
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# Features |
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|
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- [Promises/A+](https://promisesaplus.com/) implementation. |
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- Promise resolution and chaining is handled iteratively, allowing for |
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"infinite" promise chaining. |
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- Promises have a synchronous `wait` method. |
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- Promises can be cancelled. |
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- Works with any object that has a `then` function. |
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- C# style async/await coroutine promises using |
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`GuzzleHttp\Promise\coroutine()`. |
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# Quick start |
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A *promise* represents the eventual result of an asynchronous operation. The |
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primary way of interacting with a promise is through its `then` method, which |
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registers callbacks to receive either a promise's eventual value or the reason |
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why the promise cannot be fulfilled. |
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## Callbacks |
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Callbacks are registered with the `then` method by providing an optional |
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`$onFulfilled` followed by an optional `$onRejected` function. |
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|
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```php |
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use GuzzleHttp\Promise\Promise; |
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$promise = new Promise(); |
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$promise->then( |
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// $onFulfilled |
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function ($value) { |
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echo 'The promise was fulfilled.'; |
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}, |
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// $onRejected |
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function ($reason) { |
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echo 'The promise was rejected.'; |
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} |
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); |
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``` |
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|
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*Resolving* a promise means that you either fulfill a promise with a *value* or |
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reject a promise with a *reason*. Resolving a promises triggers callbacks |
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registered with the promises's `then` method. These callbacks are triggered |
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only once and in the order in which they were added. |
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## Resolving a promise |
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Promises are fulfilled using the `resolve($value)` method. Resolving a promise |
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with any value other than a `GuzzleHttp\Promise\RejectedPromise` will trigger |
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all of the onFulfilled callbacks (resolving a promise with a rejected promise |
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will reject the promise and trigger the `$onRejected` callbacks). |
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|
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```php |
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use GuzzleHttp\Promise\Promise; |
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$promise = new Promise(); |
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$promise |
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->then(function ($value) { |
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// Return a value and don't break the chain |
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return "Hello, " . $value; |
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}) |
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// This then is executed after the first then and receives the value |
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// returned from the first then. |
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->then(function ($value) { |
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echo $value; |
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}); |
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// Resolving the promise triggers the $onFulfilled callbacks and outputs |
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// "Hello, reader". |
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$promise->resolve('reader.'); |
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``` |
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## Promise forwarding |
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Promises can be chained one after the other. Each then in the chain is a new |
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promise. The return value of a promise is what's forwarded to the next |
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promise in the chain. Returning a promise in a `then` callback will cause the |
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subsequent promises in the chain to only be fulfilled when the returned promise |
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has been fulfilled. The next promise in the chain will be invoked with the |
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resolved value of the promise. |
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```php |
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use GuzzleHttp\Promise\Promise; |
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$promise = new Promise(); |
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$nextPromise = new Promise(); |
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$promise |
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->then(function ($value) use ($nextPromise) { |
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echo $value; |
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return $nextPromise; |
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}) |
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->then(function ($value) { |
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echo $value; |
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}); |
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// Triggers the first callback and outputs "A" |
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$promise->resolve('A'); |
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// Triggers the second callback and outputs "B" |
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$nextPromise->resolve('B'); |
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``` |
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## Promise rejection |
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When a promise is rejected, the `$onRejected` callbacks are invoked with the |
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rejection reason. |
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```php |
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use GuzzleHttp\Promise\Promise; |
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$promise = new Promise(); |
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$promise->then(null, function ($reason) { |
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echo $reason; |
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}); |
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$promise->reject('Error!'); |
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// Outputs "Error!" |
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``` |
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## Rejection forwarding |
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If an exception is thrown in an `$onRejected` callback, subsequent |
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`$onRejected` callbacks are invoked with the thrown exception as the reason. |
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```php |
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use GuzzleHttp\Promise\Promise; |
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$promise = new Promise(); |
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$promise->then(null, function ($reason) { |
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throw new \Exception($reason); |
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})->then(null, function ($reason) { |
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assert($reason->getMessage() === 'Error!'); |
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}); |
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$promise->reject('Error!'); |
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``` |
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You can also forward a rejection down the promise chain by returning a |
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`GuzzleHttp\Promise\RejectedPromise` in either an `$onFulfilled` or |
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`$onRejected` callback. |
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```php |
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use GuzzleHttp\Promise\Promise; |
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use GuzzleHttp\Promise\RejectedPromise; |
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$promise = new Promise(); |
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$promise->then(null, function ($reason) { |
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return new RejectedPromise($reason); |
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})->then(null, function ($reason) { |
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assert($reason === 'Error!'); |
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}); |
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$promise->reject('Error!'); |
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``` |
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If an exception is not thrown in a `$onRejected` callback and the callback |
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does not return a rejected promise, downstream `$onFulfilled` callbacks are |
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invoked using the value returned from the `$onRejected` callback. |
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```php |
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use GuzzleHttp\Promise\Promise; |
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use GuzzleHttp\Promise\RejectedPromise; |
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$promise = new Promise(); |
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$promise |
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->then(null, function ($reason) { |
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return "It's ok"; |
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}) |
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->then(function ($value) { |
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assert($value === "It's ok"); |
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}); |
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$promise->reject('Error!'); |
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``` |
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# Synchronous wait |
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You can synchronously force promises to complete using a promise's `wait` |
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method. When creating a promise, you can provide a wait function that is used |
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to synchronously force a promise to complete. When a wait function is invoked |
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it is expected to deliver a value to the promise or reject the promise. If the |
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wait function does not deliver a value, then an exception is thrown. The wait |
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function provided to a promise constructor is invoked when the `wait` function |
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of the promise is called. |
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```php |
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$promise = new Promise(function () use (&$promise) { |
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$promise->resolve('foo'); |
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}); |
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// Calling wait will return the value of the promise. |
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echo $promise->wait(); // outputs "foo" |
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``` |
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If an exception is encountered while invoking the wait function of a promise, |
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the promise is rejected with the exception and the exception is thrown. |
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```php |
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$promise = new Promise(function () use (&$promise) { |
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throw new \Exception('foo'); |
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}); |
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$promise->wait(); // throws the exception. |
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``` |
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Calling `wait` on a promise that has been fulfilled will not trigger the wait |
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function. It will simply return the previously resolved value. |
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```php |
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$promise = new Promise(function () { die('this is not called!'); }); |
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$promise->resolve('foo'); |
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echo $promise->wait(); // outputs "foo" |
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``` |
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Calling `wait` on a promise that has been rejected will throw an exception. If |
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the rejection reason is an instance of `\Exception` the reason is thrown. |
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Otherwise, a `GuzzleHttp\Promise\RejectionException` is thrown and the reason |
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can be obtained by calling the `getReason` method of the exception. |
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```php |
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$promise = new Promise(); |
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$promise->reject('foo'); |
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$promise->wait(); |
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``` |
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> PHP Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'GuzzleHttp\Promise\RejectionException' with message 'The promise was rejected with value: foo' |
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## Unwrapping a promise |
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When synchronously waiting on a promise, you are joining the state of the |
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promise into the current state of execution (i.e., return the value of the |
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promise if it was fulfilled or throw an exception if it was rejected). This is |
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called "unwrapping" the promise. Waiting on a promise will by default unwrap |
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the promise state. |
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You can force a promise to resolve and *not* unwrap the state of the promise |
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by passing `false` to the first argument of the `wait` function: |
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```php |
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$promise = new Promise(); |
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$promise->reject('foo'); |
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// This will not throw an exception. It simply ensures the promise has |
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// been resolved. |
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$promise->wait(false); |
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``` |
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When unwrapping a promise, the resolved value of the promise will be waited |
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upon until the unwrapped value is not a promise. This means that if you resolve |
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promise A with a promise B and unwrap promise A, the value returned by the |
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wait function will be the value delivered to promise B. |
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**Note**: when you do not unwrap the promise, no value is returned. |
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# Cancellation |
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You can cancel a promise that has not yet been fulfilled using the `cancel()` |
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method of a promise. When creating a promise you can provide an optional |
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cancel function that when invoked cancels the action of computing a resolution |
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of the promise. |
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# API |
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## Promise |
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When creating a promise object, you can provide an optional `$waitFn` and |
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`$cancelFn`. `$waitFn` is a function that is invoked with no arguments and is |
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expected to resolve the promise. `$cancelFn` is a function with no arguments |
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that is expected to cancel the computation of a promise. It is invoked when the |
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`cancel()` method of a promise is called. |
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```php |
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use GuzzleHttp\Promise\Promise; |
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$promise = new Promise( |
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function () use (&$promise) { |
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$promise->resolve('waited'); |
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}, |
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function () { |
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// do something that will cancel the promise computation (e.g., close |
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// a socket, cancel a database query, etc...) |
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} |
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); |
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assert('waited' === $promise->wait()); |
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``` |
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A promise has the following methods: |
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- `then(callable $onFulfilled, callable $onRejected) : PromiseInterface` |
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Appends fulfillment and rejection handlers to the promise, and returns a new promise resolving to the return value of the called handler. |
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- `otherwise(callable $onRejected) : PromiseInterface` |
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Appends a rejection handler callback to the promise, and returns a new promise resolving to the return value of the callback if it is called, or to its original fulfillment value if the promise is instead fulfilled. |
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- `wait($unwrap = true) : mixed` |
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Synchronously waits on the promise to complete. |
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`$unwrap` controls whether or not the value of the promise is returned for a |
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fulfilled promise or if an exception is thrown if the promise is rejected. |
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This is set to `true` by default. |
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- `cancel()` |
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Attempts to cancel the promise if possible. The promise being cancelled and |
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the parent most ancestor that has not yet been resolved will also be |
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cancelled. Any promises waiting on the cancelled promise to resolve will also |
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be cancelled. |
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- `getState() : string` |
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Returns the state of the promise. One of `pending`, `fulfilled`, or |
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`rejected`. |
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- `resolve($value)` |
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Fulfills the promise with the given `$value`. |
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- `reject($reason)` |
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Rejects the promise with the given `$reason`. |
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## FulfilledPromise |
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A fulfilled promise can be created to represent a promise that has been |
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fulfilled. |
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```php |
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use GuzzleHttp\Promise\FulfilledPromise; |
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$promise = new FulfilledPromise('value'); |
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// Fulfilled callbacks are immediately invoked. |
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$promise->then(function ($value) { |
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echo $value; |
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}); |
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``` |
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## RejectedPromise |
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A rejected promise can be created to represent a promise that has been |
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rejected. |
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```php |
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use GuzzleHttp\Promise\RejectedPromise; |
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$promise = new RejectedPromise('Error'); |
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// Rejected callbacks are immediately invoked. |
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$promise->then(null, function ($reason) { |
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echo $reason; |
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}); |
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``` |
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# Promise interop |
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This library works with foreign promises that have a `then` method. This means |
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you can use Guzzle promises with [React promises](https://github.com/reactphp/promise) |
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for example. When a foreign promise is returned inside of a then method |
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callback, promise resolution will occur recursively. |
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```php |
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// Create a React promise |
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$deferred = new React\Promise\Deferred(); |
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$reactPromise = $deferred->promise(); |
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// Create a Guzzle promise that is fulfilled with a React promise. |
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$guzzlePromise = new \GuzzleHttp\Promise\Promise(); |
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$guzzlePromise->then(function ($value) use ($reactPromise) { |
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// Do something something with the value... |
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// Return the React promise |
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return $reactPromise; |
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}); |
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``` |
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Please note that wait and cancel chaining is no longer possible when forwarding |
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a foreign promise. You will need to wrap a third-party promise with a Guzzle |
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promise in order to utilize wait and cancel functions with foreign promises. |
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## Event Loop Integration |
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In order to keep the stack size constant, Guzzle promises are resolved |
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asynchronously using a task queue. When waiting on promises synchronously, the |
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task queue will be automatically run to ensure that the blocking promise and |
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any forwarded promises are resolved. When using promises asynchronously in an |
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event loop, you will need to run the task queue on each tick of the loop. If |
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you do not run the task queue, then promises will not be resolved. |
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You can run the task queue using the `run()` method of the global task queue |
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instance. |
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```php |
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// Get the global task queue |
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$queue = \GuzzleHttp\Promise\queue(); |
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$queue->run(); |
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``` |
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For example, you could use Guzzle promises with React using a periodic timer: |
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```php |
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$loop = React\EventLoop\Factory::create(); |
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$loop->addPeriodicTimer(0, [$queue, 'run']); |
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``` |
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*TODO*: Perhaps adding a `futureTick()` on each tick would be faster? |
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# Implementation notes |
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## Promise resolution and chaining is handled iteratively |
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By shuffling pending handlers from one owner to another, promises are |
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resolved iteratively, allowing for "infinite" then chaining. |
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```php |
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<?php |
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require 'vendor/autoload.php'; |
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use GuzzleHttp\Promise\Promise; |
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$parent = new Promise(); |
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$p = $parent; |
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for ($i = 0; $i < 1000; $i++) { |
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$p = $p->then(function ($v) { |
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// The stack size remains constant (a good thing) |
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echo xdebug_get_stack_depth() . ', '; |
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return $v + 1; |
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}); |
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} |
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$parent->resolve(0); |
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var_dump($p->wait()); // int(1000) |
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``` |
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When a promise is fulfilled or rejected with a non-promise value, the promise |
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then takes ownership of the handlers of each child promise and delivers values |
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down the chain without using recursion. |
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When a promise is resolved with another promise, the original promise transfers |
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all of its pending handlers to the new promise. When the new promise is |
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eventually resolved, all of the pending handlers are delivered the forwarded |
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value. |
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## A promise is the deferred. |
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Some promise libraries implement promises using a deferred object to represent |
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a computation and a promise object to represent the delivery of the result of |
|
485 |
the computation. This is a nice separation of computation and delivery because |
|
486 |
consumers of the promise cannot modify the value that will be eventually |
|
487 |
delivered. |
|
488 |
|
|
489 |
One side effect of being able to implement promise resolution and chaining |
|
490 |
iteratively is that you need to be able for one promise to reach into the state |
|
491 |
of another promise to shuffle around ownership of handlers. In order to achieve |
|
492 |
this without making the handlers of a promise publicly mutable, a promise is |
|
493 |
also the deferred value, allowing promises of the same parent class to reach |
|
494 |
into and modify the private properties of promises of the same type. While this |
|
495 |
does allow consumers of the value to modify the resolution or rejection of the |
|
496 |
deferred, it is a small price to pay for keeping the stack size constant. |
|
497 |
|
|
498 |
```php |
|
499 |
$promise = new Promise(); |
|
500 |
$promise->then(function ($value) { echo $value; }); |
|
501 |
// The promise is the deferred value, so you can deliver a value to it. |
|
502 |
$promise->resolve('foo'); |
|
503 |
// prints "foo" |
|
504 |
``` |